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📌 What are Regular Expressions (Regex)?

Regular Expressions (regex) are powerful tools used to search, match, and manipulate text patterns. Python provides the re module to work with regex.

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🔹 1. Importing the re Module

import re

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🔹 2. Basic Example

import re

text = "My phone number is 123-456-7890"
pattern = r"\d{3}-\d{3}-\d{4}"

match = re.search(pattern, text)
if match:
    print("Found:", match.group())

✅ Output:

Found: 123-456-7890

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🔹 3. Useful Functions in re

Function	Description
re.search()	Finds the first match of a pattern
re.findall()	Returns a list of all matches
re.match()	Checks if the pattern matches at the start of the string
re.sub()	Replaces matches with a new string
re.split()	Splits a string based on the pattern
re.compile()	Pre-compiles a regex pattern for reuse

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🔹 4. Common Regex Patterns

Pattern	Meaning	Example
.	Any character except newline	"a.c" → matches "abc", "axc"
\d	Digit (0–9)	"123"
\w	Word character (letters, digits, _)	"hello_123"
\s	Whitespace (space, tab, newline)	"a b"
^	Start of string	"^Hello"
$	End of string	"world$"
+	One or more	\d+ → "123", "4567"
*	Zero or more	"ab*" → "a", "abbb"
?	Zero or one	"colou?r" → "color", "colour"
{n}	Exactly n times	\d{4} → "2025"
{n,m}	Between n and m times	\d{2,4} → "20", "2025"
[]	Character set	[aeiou] → vowels
`	`	OR operator
()	Grouping	"(abc)+"

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🔹 5. Examples

Example 1: Extract all email addresses

import re

text = "Contact us at support@example.com or sales@test.org"
emails = re.findall(r"[A-Za-z0-9._%+-]+@[A-Za-z0-9.-]+\.[A-Za-z]{2,}", text)
print(emails)

✅ Output:

['support@example.com', 'sales@test.org']

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Example 2: Replace numbers with #

text = "User123 logged in at 10:30"
result = re.sub(r"\d", "#", text)
print(result)

✅ Output:

User### logged in at ##:##

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Example 3: Validate a phone number

pattern = r"^\d{3}-\d{3}-\d{4}$"

numbers = ["123-456-7890", "456-789", "987-654-3210"]

for num in numbers:
    if re.match(pattern, num):
        print(num, "is valid")
    else:
        print(num, "is invalid")

✅ Output:

123-456-7890 is valid
456-789 is invalid
987-654-3210 is valid

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🔹 6. Precompiled Regex for Efficiency

phone_pattern = re.compile(r"\d{3}-\d{3}-\d{4}")
print(phone_pattern.findall("Call 123-456-7890 or 987-654-3210"))

✅ Output:

['123-456-7890', '987-654-3210']

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📌 Summary

• Regex helps in pattern matching and text processing.
• Use the re module: search, findall, match, sub, split.
• Learn special characters like \d, \w, +, *, {n,m}, ^, $.
• Regex is widely used for validation, scraping, data cleaning, and automation.

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Username = 08cHZGUU2X
Password = rZHWvz4aAO

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