BEASh

1. What Is a Module?

A module is simply a Python file (.py) that contains functions, classes, or variables you can reuse in other programs.

Example: mymodule.py

def greet(name):
    return f"Hello, {name}!"

pi = 3.1416

Using it in another file:

import mymodule

print(mymodule.greet("Ali"))
print(mymodule.pi)

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2. Importing Modules

import math
print(math.sqrt(25))   # Output: 5.0

Import specific functions:

from math import sqrt, pi
print(sqrt(49))   # Output: 7.0
print(pi)         # Output: 3.141592653589793

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3. Built-in vs External Modules

Type	Example	Usage
Built-in	math, os, random, datetime	Already included with Python
External	requests, numpy, pandas	Installed with pip
Custom	mymodule.py	Written by you

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4. Packages in Python

A package is a collection of modules organized in directories with an __init__.py file.

Example structure:

mypackage/
    __init__.py
    module1.py
    module2.py

Usage:

from mypackage import module1
module1.function_name()

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5. Installing External Packages with pip

pip install requests

import requests
response = requests.get("https://api.github.com")
print(response.status_code)

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6. Best Practices

• Organize related functions into modules.
• Group multiple modules into packages.
• Use pip freeze to track installed packages.
• Use virtualenv or venv to manage dependencies.

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Summary

• Modules = single .py file.
• Packages = collection of modules.
• Use import to bring in built-in, external, or custom modules.
• pip helps you install external libraries.
• Modular code = cleaner, reusable, and easier to maintain.

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